Electrode and electrolyte materials for electrochemical capacitors

Among different electric energy storage technologies electrochemical capacitors are used for energy storage applications when high power delivery or uptake is needed. Their energy and power densities, durability and efficiency are influenced by electrode and electrolyte materials however due to a high cost/performance ratio; their widespread use in energy storage systems has not been attained yet.Thanks to their properties such as high surface area, controllable pore size, low electrical resistance, good polarizability and inertness; activated carbons derived from polymeric precursors are the most used electrode materials in electrochemical capacitors at present. Other electrode materials such as shaped nano-carbons or metal oxides are also investigated as electrode materials in electrochemical capacitors, but only as useful research tools.Most commercially used electrochemical capacitors employ organic electrolytes when offering concomitant high energy and high power densities. The use of aqueous based electrolytes in electrochemical capacitor applications is mainly limited to research purposes as a result of their narrow operating voltage. Recent studies on room temperature ionic liquids to be employed as electrolyte for electrochemical capacitor applications are focused on fine tuning their physical and transport properties in order to bring the energy density of the device closer to that of batteries without compromising the power densities.In this paper a performance analysis, recent progress and the direction of future developments of various types of materials used in the fabrication of electrodes for electrochemical capacitors are presented. The influence of different types of electrolytes on the performance of electrochemical capacitors such as their output voltage and energy/power densities is also discussed.     

Finite element method analysis of Fokker–Plank equation in stationary and evolutionary versions

The problems that often arise in stochastic dynamics can be investigated using the Fokker–Planck (FP) equation. The response of a such systems being subjected to additive and/or multiplicative random noise is represented by probability density function (PDF) that gives the full information about a response random character. Various analytic and semi-analytic solution methods have been developed for various systems to obtain results requested. However numerical approaches offer a powerful alternative. In particular the Finite Element Method (FEM) seems to be very effective. A couple of single dynamic linear/non-linear (Duffing and Van Der Pol type) systems under additive and multiplicative random excitations are discussed using FEM as a solution tool of the FP equation. The resulting PDFs are analyzed and if the analytic results exist mutually compared.     

Steady-state analysis of a complex adaptive notch filter using modified gradient algorithm

Based on power spectral density (PSD) analytical technique, mean square error (MSE) (or variance) of the frequency estimate of a first-order complex adaptive IIR notch filter (ANF) using modified complex plain gradient (MCPG) algorithm is investigated in this paper. The steady-state expression for MSE is derived in closed form. A quantitative analysis for the estimation MSE has been carried out. It has been revealed that the MSE of frequency estimate is independent of an input frequency of a complex sinusoid. In addition, computer simulations are treated to corroborate the theoretical analysis and the relationships between MSE and system parameters are shown.     

A Modified Method Based on the Discrete Sliding Norm Transform to Reduce the PAPR in OFDM Systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technique that allows the transmission of high data rates over wideband radio channels subject to frequency selective fading by dividing the data into several narrowband and flat fading channels. OFDM has high spectral efficiency and channel robustness. However, a major drawback of OFDM is that the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signals is high, which causes nonlinear distortion in the received data and reduces the efficiency of the high power amplifier in the transmitter. The most straightforward method to solve this problem is to use a nonlinear mapping algorithm to transform the signal into a new signal that has a smaller PAPR. One of the latest nonlinear methods proposed to reduce the PAPR is the L₂‐by‐3 algorithm, which is based on the discrete sliding norm transform. In this paper, a new algorithm based on the L₂‐by‐3 method is proposed. The proposed method is very simple and has a low complexity analysis. Simulation results show that the proposed method performs better, has better power spectral density, and is less sensitive to the modulation type and number of subcarriers than L₂‐by‐3.     

Research on online review-trust model and synthetical value model based on power-law and density clustering algorithm

The existing online shopping researches on consumer reviews are mostly based on the attitude change model (ACM). Although the ACM is valuable, it is not easy to judge the trustworthiness of the reviews and measure the values of the reviews. Based on the online data acquisition technology, we have got the data of 360buy, a domestic large-scale business to customer (B2C) commerce website in China. With application of data-mining and the density clustering algorithm (DBSCAN), we focus on the intervals distribution and the synthetic value of consumer reviews. The distribution of review interval can be depicted by the power-law function which presents a monotonically increasing relationship between the power-exponent and the customers’ concerns with the commodity: the higher the exponent is, the more attention will be drawn. We also find that the value of online reviews can be measured by the expertise value, which is the attraction and the quality of the reviews. Based on the above results, we have constructed the online review-trust model and the synthetic value model. The relationship between the power-exponent and the consumer attention has played a vital role in the consumer attention to online-shopping, and then the synthetic value model will help people find out useful reviews more effectively.     

Charge Transfer Variability in Misfit Layer Compounds: Comparison of SnS-SnS2 and LaS-TaS2

The present paper compares and discusses two selected misfit (layer) compounds exemplarily, namely SnS-SnS₂ and LaS-TaS₂. We have employed a density-functional theory-based approach to calculate structural, energetic, and electronic properties of these structures. We have put emphasis on the difference between single layers, combined double-layer systems and periodically stacked bulk structures. Especially the varying magnitudes of charge transfer between the sublayers were studied. We demonstrate how the chemical constitution of the sublayers affects the interlayer interactions: these may be a weak non-bonding van-der-Waals dominated interlayer interaction as in SnS-SnS₂ and many other layered structures or a strong interaction related to a remarkable charge transfer between the layers as in LaS-TaS₂.     

化工塔器截面成像实验室实验评价

对实验室建立的模拟塔器,使用CT技术,图像重建,获取截面密度分布图像,并对此项技术进行实验评价。对于直径1m的模拟塔器,内部放置直径为10cm的容器试样时,密度分辨力为5%~10%,空间分辨力可达到0.25线对/厘米(lp/cm)。     

Stochastic response of fractionally damped beams

This paper aims at introducing the governing equation of motion of a continuous fractionally damped system under generic input loads, no matter the order of the fractional derivative. Moreover, particularizing the excitation as a random noise, the evaluation of the power spectral density performed in frequency domain highlights relevant features of such a system.Numerical results have been carried out considering a cantilever beam under stochastic loads. The influence of the fractional derivative order on the power spectral density response has been investigated, underscoring the damping effect in reducing the power spectral density amplitude for higher values of the fractional derivative order. Finally, the fractional derivative term introduces in the system dynamics both effective damping and effective stiffness frequency dependent terms.     

泥水盾构中泥浆劈裂地层的影响因素分析

鉴于泥水盾构技术中泥浆压力的合理控制能有效防止泥浆劈裂现象的发生,通过自制的泥浆劈裂装置和常规三轴仪模拟了泥浆劈裂地层的过程,研究了泥浆粘度、泥浆密度和地层围压对泥浆劈裂压力的影响。结果表明,当泥浆粘度在25~35s之间时,劈裂压力随粘度的增大呈近似线性增大,但超过该范围后,劈裂压力随粘度的继续增大而变化较小;当围压由50kPa增大至200kPa时,劈裂压力亦显著提高,但泥浆密度的影响则相对较小;通过与理论计算结果的对比,进一步验证了试验数据的可靠性,为泥浆压力的优化设计提供了参考依据。